Efecto de la relación proteína y energía sobre los niveles de amonio ruminal y nitrógeno ureico en sangre y leche, de vacas doble propósito del piedemonte llanero, Colombia / Efeito de proteínas e de energia em relação aos níveis de amónio rúmen e da BUN e leite, vacas dupla finalidade do piedemonte llanero, Colômbia / Effect of protein and energy relationship on the levels of ammonium rumen and blood urea nitrogen and milk, in dual purpose cows at the llanero foothills, Colombia

Los efectos de cinco suplementos con diferente relación proteína cruda:energía metabólica (PC:EM) sobre los niveles de nitrógeno amoniacal en rumen (AR) y nitrógeno ureico en sangre (NUS) y leche (NUL), fueron evaluados en vacas doble propósito en el trópico bajo del Piedemonte llanero colombiano, mediante un diseño cuadrado latino 5x5. En el tratamiento 1, los animales recibieron a voluntad forraje de pasto Brachiaria decumbens y 900 g de harina de arroz; en el tratamiento 2 recibieron adicionalmente 39 g de úrea; en el tratamiento 3 recibieron 84 g de úrea; el tratamiento 4 fue similar al tratamiento 2 más 1200 g de azúcar de caña; y el tratamiento 5 fue igual al tratamiento 3 más 950 g de azúcar. La relación PC:EM fue de 26, 66, 103, 27 y 50 g de PC por megacaloría de energía metabólica, respectivamente. Los niveles más altos de AR, NUS y NUL los presentaron el tratamiento 3 (p<0.01), de mayor aporte de proteína y mayor PC:EM, seguido de los tratamientos 5 y 2 de segundo orden de PC y PC:EM. Además, se observó que AR, NUS y NUL están fuertemente afectados por PC:EM. Los niveles de AR, NUS y NUL, presentaron variaciones a través del día y fluctuaron entre 4.3 a 22.9, 4.8 a 13.8 y 3.6 a 16 mg N/dl. A partir de la primera suplementación se observó incremento de los valores de las tres variables, con valores máximos 3 a 6 horas después. Se encontró relación directa NUL = 0.901*NUS con R2 = 0.70, lo que demostró clara dependencia del NUL con respecto al NUS. Los resultados sugieren que la dependencia de estos metabolitos con el contenido de PC y EM de la dieta los convierte en herramientas de ajuste y optimización de suplementos para las ganaderías doble propósito del piedemonte llanero colombiano.

The effects of five diets with different protein to energy ratios (CP:ME) on rumen ammonia (RA) and blood (BUN) and milk úrea nitrogen (MUN) in dual-purpose cows were evaluated in the piedemonte of Colombia. Five rumen fistulated cows were assigned to five treatments using a 5 x 5 Latin Square design. All animals received a basal diet consisting of Brachiaria decumbens �forage ad libitum and 900 g of ground rice (treatment 1); treatment 2 was identical to treatment 1 plus 39 g of urea; treatment 3 was identical to treatment 1 plus 84 g urea; treatment 4 was identical to treatment 2 plus 1200 g of sugar; and treatment 5 was identical to treatment 3 plus 934 g of sugar. The ratio between crude protein and metabolizable energy (CP:ME) was 26, 66, 103, 27 and 50 g /Mcal for treatment 1 to treatment 5, respectively. The highest concentrations of RA, BUN and MUN were observed in treatment 3 (p<0.01), which provided the highest amount of CP and resulted in the highest CP:ME ratio. Treatments 5 and 2, with intermediate amounts of CP and CP:ME ratios, resulted in intermediate levels of RA, BUN and MUN. The levels of RA, BUN and MUN varied considerably across the day and ranged from 4.3 to 22.9, 4.8 to 13.8 and 3.6 to 16 mg/dl, respectively. The highest levels of RA, BUN and MUN occurred 3 to 6 hours after the first feeding of the day. There was a close positive relationship between MUN and BUN (MUN = 0.901*BUN, R2 = 0.70). It can be concluded that the levels of BUN and MUN are closely related to the CP concentration and the CP:ME ratio in the diet. These metabolites represent a useful tool to monitor and adjust the use of supplements for dual-purpose cows fed diets based on low-quality grasses in the Llanero foothills of Colombia.

Os efeitos de cinco diferentes relações com suplementos de proteína bruta: energia metabólica (PC : MS) sobre os níveis de nitrogênio no rúmen (RA) e da BUN (NUS) e leite (NUL), foram avaliadas em vacas dupla finalidade nos trópicos sob o piedemonte llanero colombiano, através de um quadrado latino 5 x 5. No tratamento 1, os animais receberam em gramíneas forrageiras irá Brachiaria decumbens e 900 gramas de farinha de arroz; no tratamento 2, recebido mais 39 gramas de uréia; para o tratamento 3, recebido 84 gramas de uréia; no tratamento 4 foi semelhante ao tratamento 2 mais 1200 g de cana-de-açúcar; eo tratamento 5 era igual a 3 tratamento mais 950 g de açúcar. O PC MS foi de 26, 66, 103, 27 e 50 g PC megacaloría energia metabólica, respectivamente. Os níveis mais elevados de AR, NUS e NUL apresentou o tratamento 3 (p <0,01), maior aporte de proteína e superior PC MS, seguido pelos tratamentos 2 e 5 de segunda ordem PC e PC:MS. Além disso, observou-se que AR, NUS e NUL são fortemente influenciados pelo PC:MS. Níveis de AR, NUS e NUL, apresentaram variações ao longo do dia, e variou de 4.3 a 22.9, 13.8 e 4.8 a 3.6 a 16 mg N/dl. Desde a primeira suplementação foi observado aumento dos valores mobiliários das três variáveis, com valores máximos de 3 a 6 horas depois. Nós encontramos uma relação direta NUL = 0.901 * NUS com R2 = 0.70, o que mostrou clara dependência NUL no que respeita à NUS. Os resultados sugerem que a dependência em relação a estes metabolitos com o conteúdo do PC e MS dieta torna-os instrumentos de regulação e otimização de suplementos de rebanhos dupla finalidade de piedemonte llanero colombiano.

Utilidad del gadolinio como medio de contraste en procedimientos terapéuticos endovasculares / Utility of gadolinium as a contrast medium in endovascular therapeutic procedures

Objetivo: Valorar la utilidad del gadolinio asociado al CO2 como medio de contraste angiográfico para la realización de procedimientos terapéuticos endovasculares en pacientes que presentan alteración de la función renal. Material y métodos: Desde enero del 2000 a junio del 2001 se realizaron 10 tratamientos endovasculares usando CO2 y gadolinio como medio de contraste en pacientes con deterioro de la función renal (creatinina > 1,5 mg/ml).Resultados: La dosis media de gadolinio administrada fue 42 ml. En todos los casos las imágenes diagnósticas o terapéuticas fueron satisfactorias. No se detectaron incrementos significativos entre los valores de urea y creatinina previos y los obtenidos a las 24, 48 y 72 horas después del procedimiento. Conclusión: El gadolinio es un medio de contraste útil en combinación con CO2 para la realización de procedimientos terapéuticos endovasculares en pacientes con deterioro de la función renal (AU)

Urea kinetics in sickle cell disease

When dietary nitrogen intake is adequate to satisfy the body's metabolic demand for nitrogen, adaptive mechanisms are involved whereby nitrogen losses are minimised. The most significant reduction in nitrogen loss is effected by reduced urea production and excretion and there is a concomitant increase in the proportion of urea hydrolysed and recycled in the body. This work was designed to explore the mechanisms by which nitrogen equilibrium is maintained in the whole body when the metabolic demands for nitrogen exceed the supply. Urea kinetics was measured in normal healthy controls (HbAA) and patients with homozygous sickle cell disease (HbSS). HbSS is characterised by an increased metabolic demand for nitrogen for erythropoesis, which is significantly higher than normal. Urea production (P), excretion (Eu), hydrolysis (T) and recycling (Pr) of hydrolysed urea to urea synthesis, were determined using isotopic urea(urea-30) orally or intravenously, and the two methods compared. The reliability of the methods was examined and demonstrated to be satisfactory. All aspects of urea metabolism were increased in HbSS compared with HbAA, except Eu which tended to be lower in HbSS. The proportion of urea hydrolysed in the colon was raised in HbSS, regardless of the route by which the isotope was given and the kinetics was measured. Individuals with sickle cell trait (HbAS), were also studied and exhibited rates of urea hydrolysis that were either similar to the HbAA values or raised to values corresponding to the HbSS. Urea nitrogen incorporated into haemoglobin in both the HbAA and HbSs. This finding confirmed the utilisation of endogenous urea nitrogen for protein synthesis in the body. The proportion of hydrolysed urea nitrogen is small (10 percent) compared to a larger pool of enteric nitrogen to which it contributes, suggesting that there may be a more significant contribution of enteric nitrogen metabolism to the nitrogen economy, than of hydrolysed urea alone. The possibility that glycine may be limited in HbSS has been indicated and warrants more detailed investigation. The metabolism of urea has been shown to be affected by depleting the body glycine pool and alternatively by glycine supplements. Results from this work support the idea that urea kinetics is modulated by dietary nitrogen intake (AU)